進(jìn)入２１世紀(jì)以來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)道路建設(shè)規(guī)模和建設(shè)速度持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。近年來(lái)隨著公路設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)年限的臨近，各地道路陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)一系列病害，由此導(dǎo)致道路養(yǎng)護(hù)里程和養(yǎng)護(hù)規(guī)模急速增長(zhǎng)，在此過程中不可避免地產(chǎn)生大量的瀝青銑刨料，其中包括回收瀝青混合料以及回收水泥穩(wěn)定基層料。露天堆放、填埋等傳統(tǒng)處理方法會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染以及資源浪費(fèi)。此外，隨著天然集料和瀝青材料的供應(yīng)緊缺和上漲，對(duì)道路建設(shè)成本以及施工進(jìn)度產(chǎn)生了一定的負(fù)面影響，因此，再生技術(shù)得到了廣泛的關(guān)注和應(yīng)用。再生技術(shù)主要包括熱再生技術(shù)和冷再生技術(shù)。相比于熱再生，冷再生技術(shù)通常采用乳化瀝青或泡沫瀝青作為瀝青膠結(jié)料，在常溫下進(jìn)行拌和和壓實(shí)，可降低瀝青膠結(jié)料的初始老化，且能量消耗僅為生產(chǎn)同等瀝 青 混 合 料 的 ２０％～４０％，具 有、可持續(xù)性強(qiáng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益高等優(yōu)勢(shì)。根據(jù)施工工藝、銑刨深度以及拌和場(chǎng)地的不同，冷再生技術(shù)細(xì)分為就地 冷 再 生、廠拌冷再生、和全深式冷再生。冷再生技術(shù)經(jīng)過幾十年的發(fā)展已被世界各國(guó)廣泛應(yīng)用，在美國(guó)、加拿大、法國(guó)、德國(guó)、澳大利亞等已較為成熟。目前冷再生技術(shù)主要應(yīng)用于輕交通等級(jí)的路面修復(fù)，弗吉尼亞州交通部的研究表明冷再生技術(shù)對(duì)于重交通道路的修復(fù)也具有明顯的適用性和顯著的成本效益。本系列專題總結(jié)了：專題一：冷再生技術(shù)類別及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀專題二：乳化瀝青和泡沫瀝青混合料材料組成性能分析專題三：配合比設(shè)計(jì)及路面結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方法、路用性能分析專題四：冷再生技術(shù)工藝和施工設(shè)備等研究現(xiàn)狀并對(duì)相關(guān)技術(shù)方法進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析，提出了冷再生技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵研究問題和未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，旨在進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)冷再生技術(shù)在實(shí)際工程中的應(yīng)用。專題一：冷再生技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

　　Since the beginning of the 21st century, the scale and speed of domestic road construction have continued to grow. In recent years, as the service life of highway design approaches, a series of road diseases have emerged in various regions, leading to a rapid increase in road maintenance mileage and scale. In this process, a large amount of asphalt milling materials are inevitably generated, including recycled asphalt mixtures and recycled cement stabilized base materials. Traditional methods such as open-air stacking and landfilling can cause environmental pollution and waste of non renewable resources. In addition, with the shortage and price increase of natural aggregates and asphalt materials, it has had a certain negative impact on road construction costs and construction progress. Therefore, recycling technology has received widespread attention and application. Regeneration technology mainly includes hot regeneration technology and cold regeneration technology. Compared with hot recycling, cold recycling technology usually uses emulsified asphalt or foam asphalt as asphalt binder. Mixing and compaction at room temperature can reduce the initial aging of asphalt binder, and the energy consumption is only 20%~40% of the production of the same asphalt mixture. It has the advantages of energy conservation, environmental protection, strong sustainability and high economic benefits. According to different construction techniques, milling depths, and mixing sites, cold recycling technology is divided into on-site cold recycling, factory mixed cold recycling, and full depth cold recycling. Cold regeneration technology has been widely applied in countries around the world after decades of development, and has become relatively mature in countries such as the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Australia. At present, cold recycling technology is mainly applied to the repair of light traffic grade road surfaces. Research by the Virginia Department of Transportation shows that cold recycling technology also has significant applicability and cost-effectiveness for the repair of heavy traffic roads. This series of topics summarized: Topic I: cold recycling technology categories and development status Topic II: emulsified asphalt and foam asphalt mixture material composition performance analysis Topic III: mix design and pavement structure design methods, road performance analysis Topic IV: cold recycling technology process and construction equipment and other research status, and made a comparative analysis of related technical methods, put forward the key research issues and future development trends of cold recycling technology, in order to further promote the application of cold recycling technology in practical projects. Topic 1: Development Status of Cold Recycling Technology

　　1、北美

　　1. North America

　　美國(guó)早在１９１５年開展冷再生技術(shù)研究，但在１９７４年 前 開 展 的 相 關(guān) 試 驗(yàn) 研 究 較 少，在 ２０ 世 紀(jì)７０年代后逐步得到推 廣 應(yīng) 用。截 止１９８５年 底，賓夕法尼亞交通部完成了包括就地冷再生、廠拌冷再生和全深式冷再生在內(nèi)的大約９０個(gè)冷再生項(xiàng)目，旨在推動(dòng)冷再生在基層應(yīng)用建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，并為相關(guān)工程項(xiàng)目提供施工技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。自１９８４年以來(lái)，美國(guó)交通部開展了１２０余項(xiàng)就地冷再生項(xiàng)目，并持續(xù)對(duì)該技術(shù)的施工工藝和材料性能進(jìn)行評(píng)估。到２０世紀(jì)８０年代末，美國(guó)瀝青再生料用量已占到全部瀝青混合料的一半?？八_斯州交通部自１９８６年采用冷再生技術(shù)修復(fù)路面，并在１９９０～１９９２年期間修建了４條試驗(yàn) 路。截 １９９６年，愛 荷華 州 已 完 成９７個(gè)就地冷再生項(xiàng)目。美國(guó)２５個(gè)州的瀝青再生料使用 規(guī) 模 已 達(dá) 到 近２億 噸。Ｍｏｒｉａｎ等介 紹 了美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州４４條實(shí)施冷再生技術(shù)的路段使用情況，調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示冷再生路面抗反射裂縫性能較傳統(tǒng)熱拌混合料直接加鋪的方式提高了１～２倍，且成本低于其２／３。美國(guó)瀝青路面協(xié)會(huì)年度調(diào)查顯示，２０１８年９９％以上的ＲＡＰ料被回收利用。目 前，美 國(guó) 聯(lián) 邦 公 路 局 頒 布 了ＦｅｄｅｒａｌＬａｎｄｓＨｉｇｈｗａｙＳｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，并對(duì)ＣＩＲ和ＦＤＲ兩種再生工藝進(jìn)行了規(guī)范，此外全美目前有４１個(gè)州少頒布了一種冷再生技術(shù)規(guī)范；加拿大１０個(gè)省或地區(qū)中有３個(gè)省或地區(qū)制定了有關(guān)冷再生的技術(shù)規(guī)范。北美地區(qū) 的 冷 再 生 技 術(shù) 規(guī) 范 的 制 定 情 況 如 圖１所示］，共涉及８３個(gè)冷再生技術(shù)規(guī)范，其中大約５４％（４５個(gè)規(guī)范）規(guī) 范 了ＣＩＲ，１７％（１４個(gè) 規(guī)范）規(guī) 范 了ＣＣＰＲ，２９％（２４個(gè)規(guī)范）規(guī)范了ＦＤＲ。ＲＡＰ料除了應(yīng)用于瀝青混合料，還作為碎石材料應(yīng)用于道路建設(shè)。工程實(shí)踐已證明 ＲＡＰ料可應(yīng)用于無(wú)黏結(jié) 基 層 材 料 和 底 基 層 材 料，但 ＲＡＰ 料 級(jí)配是 限 制 其 應(yīng) 用 的 主 要 因 素。美 國(guó) ４９ 個(gè) 州 已 將ＲＡＰ料應(yīng)用于瀝青混合料中，包括佛吉尼亞州在內(nèi)的１３個(gè)州應(yīng)用于基層，其中４個(gè)州應(yīng)用于底基層，２個(gè)州應(yīng)用于穩(wěn)定基層材料和路肩集料?？傮w來(lái)說(shuō)，將 ＲＡＰ 料 應(yīng)用于級(jí)配碎石基層和底基層具有良好的路用性能。

　　The United States first conducted research on cold regeneration technology in 1915, but there were relatively few related experimental studies conducted before 1974. It gradually gained widespread application after the 1970s. By the end of 1985, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation had completed approximately 90 cold recycling projects, including on-site cold recycling, factory mixed cold recycling, and full depth cold recycling, aimed at promoting the establishment of standard specifications for cold recycling applications at the grassroots level and providing construction technical guidance for related engineering projects. Since 1984, the US Department of Transportation has carried out over 120 on-site cold recycling projects and continuously evaluated the construction process and material properties of this technology. By the late 1980s, the use of recycled asphalt in the United States had accounted for half of all asphalt mixtures. The Kansas Department of Transportation has been using cold recycling technology to repair road surfaces since 1986 and built four test roads between 1990 and 1992. As of 1996, Iowa had completed 97 on-site cold recycling projects. The use of asphalt recycled materials in 25 states in the United States has reached nearly 200 million tons. Morian et al. introduced the usage of cold recycling technology in 44 road sections in Pennsylvania, USA. The survey results showed that the anti reflective crack performance of cold recycled pavement was 1-2 times higher than that of traditional hot mix direct paving, and the cost was less than 2/3 of it. The annual survey by the National Asphalt Pavement Association in the United States shows that over 99% of RAP materials were recycled in 2018. At present, the Federal Highway Administration of the United States has issued the Federal Lands Highway Specifications and standardized the CIR and FDR recycling processes. In addition, there are currently 41 states in the United States that have issued at least one cold recycling technology specification; Three out of ten provinces or territories in Canada have established technical specifications for cold regeneration. The development of cold regeneration technology specifications in North America is shown in Figure 1, involving a total of 83 cold regeneration technology specifications, of which approximately 54% (45 specifications) regulate CIR, 17% (14 specifications) regulate CCPR, and 29% (24 specifications) regulate FDR. RAP material is not only used in asphalt mixtures, but also as crushed stone material in road construction. Engineering practice has proven that RAP material can be applied to non bonded base materials and sub base materials, but the gradation of RAP material is the main factor limiting its application. Forty nine states in the United States have applied RAP material to asphalt mixtures, including 13 states including Virginia for base use, with 4 states for subbase and 2 states for stabilizing base materials and shoulder aggregates. Overall, applying RAP material to graded crushed stone base and subbase has good road performance.

　　2、歐洲

　　2. Europe

　　２０世紀(jì)７０年代中期，德國(guó)、荷蘭以及芬蘭等陸 續(xù) 開 展 了 路 面 再 生 料 的 研 究。歐 盟 頒 布 的ＷａｓｔｅＦｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｖｅ（２００８／９８／ＥＣ）中 明確了瀝青再生技術(shù)的重要性，到２０２０年非危害性建筑垃圾（包括 瀝 青 垃 圾）的 回 收 率 應(yīng) 達(dá) 到７０％。德 國(guó)目前 已 實(shí) 現(xiàn) 了 將１００％ＲＡＰ料 回收 再 利 用。芬 蘭將路面再生材料主要應(yīng)用于輕交通等級(jí)路面的面層和基層，近年來(lái)逐漸應(yīng)用于高等級(jí)公路。法國(guó)將冷再生技術(shù)推廣于高速公路和主要交通道路的修復(fù)工程。比利時(shí)于１９８９年引進(jìn)了冷再生技術(shù)，并在１９８９～２００１年 修 復(fù) 了３０萬(wàn) 平 方 米 的 再 生 路面。在冷再生瀝青混合料的規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面，英國(guó)總結(jié)了ＲＡＰ料在道路修復(fù)和泡沫瀝青結(jié)構(gòu)層中的應(yīng)用情況，《公路工程規(guī)范》的第９４７和９４８條中規(guī)范了就地冷再生和廠拌冷再生的設(shè)計(jì)流程，對(duì)配合比設(shè)計(jì)方法以及冷再生瀝青路面的預(yù)期剛度模量提供指導(dǎo)。

　　In the mid-1970s, countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland successively conducted research on road recycled materials. The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) issued by the European Union emphasizes the importance of asphalt recycling technology, and by 2020, the recycling rate of non hazardous construction waste (including asphalt waste) should reach 70%. Germany has currently achieved the recycling and reuse of 100% RAP materials. Finland mainly applies recycled pavement materials to the surface and base layers of light traffic grade pavements, and has gradually applied them to high-grade highways in recent years. France will focus on promoting cold recycling technology in the repair projects of highways and major transportation roads. Belgium introduced cold recycling technology in 1989 and repaired 300000 square meters of recycled road surfaces from 1989 to 2001. In terms of the specifications and standards for cold recycled asphalt mixture, the UK summarized the application of RAP material in road repair and foam asphalt structural layer. Articles 947 and 948 of the Highway Engineering Specifications standardize the design process of in situ cold recycling and plant mix cold recycling, providing guidance for mix design methods and the expected stiffness and modulus of cold recycled asphalt pavement.

　　3、

　　3. China

　　截２０２１年末， 公 路 總 里 程５２８萬(wàn) ，隨著公路里程的增加，公路養(yǎng)護(hù)投入不斷加大。交通部《公路網(wǎng)規(guī)劃（２０１３～２０３０年）》指出，９７％的國(guó)道、省道及縣鄉(xiāng)道將進(jìn)行升級(jí)改造，公路養(yǎng)護(hù)設(shè)備和服務(wù)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模達(dá)２０００億人民幣。建設(shè)較早的高等級(jí)公路多為半剛性基層瀝青路面，由于瀝青面層較薄，道路易發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)性損傷，在道路養(yǎng)護(hù)過程中通常將瀝青面層銑刨破碎后對(duì)半剛性基層進(jìn)行處治。從１９９８年開始對(duì)冷再生瀝青混合料進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的研究和應(yīng)用工作，經(jīng)過多年的研究和推廣已在高等級(jí)公路或干線公路得到一定程度的應(yīng)用。２００７年之前，冷再生瀝青混合料主要應(yīng)用于高速公路的基層和底基層，近幾年逐步推廣應(yīng)用下面層。２０１０年后，對(duì)泡沫瀝青的研究越來(lái)越多，截２０１７年泡沫瀝青已分別在江蘇、浙江、湖北、廣 東、江西以及天津等地得到一定規(guī)模的應(yīng)用。２０１７年和２０１８年包茂高速陜蒙段和青銀高速靖王段的路面大修工程，將乳化瀝青廠拌冷再生作為下面層進(jìn)行大面積推廣應(yīng)用，共利用了路面銑刨料約３０萬(wàn)噸，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與環(huán)境效益顯著。《“十四五”公路養(yǎng)護(hù)管理發(fā)展綱要》提出了大力推動(dòng)廢舊路面材料、工業(yè)廢棄物等再生利用，提升資源利用效率。目前高速公路瀝青路面材料循環(huán)利用率為９５％，普通國(guó)省道瀝青路面材料循環(huán)利用率為８０％。4、冷再生技術(shù)對(duì)比分析

　　As of the end of 2021, the total length of highways in China was 5.28 million kilometers, and with the increase of highway mileage, investment in highway maintenance continues to increase. The National Highway Network Plan (2013-2030) issued by the Ministry of Transport states that 97% of China's national highways, provincial highways, and county and township roads will be upgraded and renovated, and the market size of highway maintenance equipment and services will reach 200 billion yuan. China's early construction of high-grade highways mostly used semi-rigid base asphalt pavement. Due to the thin asphalt surface layer, the road is prone to structural damage. In the process of road maintenance, the asphalt surface layer is usually milled and crushed before treating the semi-rigid base layer. China has been conducting large-scale research and application of cold recycled asphalt mixture since 1998, and after years of research and promotion, it has been applied to a certain extent on high-grade highways or main roads in China. Before 2007, cold recycled asphalt mixture was mainly used for the base and subbase of highways, and in recent years, it has gradually been promoted and applied to the lower layers. Since 2010, more and more research has been done on foam asphalt in China. As of 2017, foam asphalt has been applied in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Tianjin and other places on a certain scale. In 2017 and 2018, the road surface overhaul projects of the Shaanxi Inner Mongolia section of the Baomao Expressway and the Jingwang section of the Qingyin Expressway promoted the large-scale application of emulsified asphalt plant mixed cold recycling as the lower layer, using a total of about 300000 tons of road milling materials, with significant economic and environmental benefits. The "14th Five Year Plan for the Development of Highway Maintenance Management" proposes to vigorously promote the recycling of waste road materials, industrial waste, and other materials to improve resource utilization efficiency. At present, the recycling rate of asphalt pavement materials on Chinese highways is 95%, and the recycling rate of asphalt pavement materials on ordinary national and provincial roads is 80%. 4. Comparative analysis of cold regeneration technology

　　表１總結(jié)分析了３種冷再生技術(shù)適用的病害處治形式，參 照《公路瀝青路面預(yù)防養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)規(guī)范》（ＪＴＧ／Ｔ５１４２－０１—２０２１）對(duì)病害形式分類為路表病害、變形 類 病 害 和 裂 縫 類 病 害３種 形 式［２２］。表１中：√為適用；Δ為可用；×為不；上標(biāo)ａ表示如果病害只發(fā)生在道路表層，可直接設(shè)置加鋪層，或者進(jìn)行就地冷再生處理；上標(biāo)ｂ表示盡管該再生方式可處治該類型病害，但經(jīng)濟(jì)性較差，不采用；上標(biāo)ｃ表示需對(duì)下承層進(jìn)行加固處理；上標(biāo)ｄ表示如果路基承載能力不足，可采取水泥、石灰等化學(xué)改良方法進(jìn)行加固處理。

　　Table 1 summarizes and analyzes three types of disease treatment forms applicable to cold recycling technology. Referring to the "Technical Specification for Preventive Maintenance of Asphalt Pavement on Highways" (JTG/T5142-01-2021), the disease forms are classified into three types: surface diseases, deformation diseases, and crack diseases [22]. In Table 1: √ is applicable; Δ is available; X is not recommended; The superscript 'a' indicates that if the disease only occurs on the surface of the road, an additional layer can be directly added or on-site cold recycling treatment can be carried out; The superscript b indicates that although this regeneration method can treat this type of disease, its economy is poor and it is not recommended to use it; The superscript c indicates the need for reinforcement treatment of the underlying layer; The superscript d indicates that if the bearing capacity of the roadbed is insufficient, chemical improvement methods such as cement and lime can be used for reinforcement treatment.

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